Chapter 10 Universal Design (accessibility)
	Any one any circumstances
	MULTI-MODALITY
	Diversity
		Impairment
		Ages
		Cultures
		Backgrounds
10.1 intro
	There is not a ‘typical’ person.
	It is not just ‘handicapped’ that need universal design
10.2 	principles
	Complexity and cost?
	Remarkably little effort can make a difference
		Sidewalks with curbs
		Automatic doors
		Elevators
	
	Equitable use
		When possible, accessible to all, or other options
	Flexibility
		Allow different options/modalities
	Intuitive use
		Different language, experience, concentration
	Perceptible information
		Graphic, verbal, (oral, written) touch, sound
		Highlight essential
		Support devices for different sensory capabilities
	Tolerance for error
		Minimize impact of mistakes
		Warnings
		Fail safe
	Low physical effort
		Comfort
		Minimize fatigue
	Size and space for approach and use
		Line of site
		Standing or sitting
		Room for maneuver
	Are any of these principles bad for other users?
	Anyone can break a leg, sprain a hand, get an ear infection, lose contacts

10.3 multi-modal
	Sight sound taste touch (texture, movement, position) smell
	Most use vision
	People use sound and touch a lot
	Using too much visual information can overload
	Not just richness, redundancy
	[cell phones that take dictation; Alexa, Siri, Hey Google; GPS]
	Sound is valuable [gamers do poorly when sound is off]
	Speech 
		Sounds help when attention focused elsewhere
		(driving)
	Recognition
		Accents
		Ummm, er, 
		Can be hands free
		Interactive
		Confirmation
		Structured interaction
	Synthesis
		Canned messages
		Hard to understand ‘reading aloud’
		Transient
		Visually challenged
	Design web for screen readers
		ALT tag
		Two columns can confuse screen readers
				https://webaim.org/
https://wave.webaim.org/
				https://www.w3.org/WAI/
				https://www.cast.org/
			
	familiarity
		voice mail
		audio annotations
		read aloud voices
		podcasts
		audio books

non-speech sound
	attention
	must be learned
	auditory icons
		what sound indicates copying?
		(liquid pouring)
		Text file: rustle of paper
		Complied file: metallic
		Hollow echo means plenty of space
		Factories can use sound to monitor equipment
		(customized tones for text messages)
Touch
	Haptic
		Skin/texture, movement, position
	Braille display 
	Force feedback (resistance, texture, friction)
	Allow ‘touch’ of virtual objects
	Expensive equipment
	WII
Handwriting
	Digitized tablet
	Recognition parallel to speech recognition
Gesture
	User dependent
	Expensive
	ASL American Sign Language
	Combine gesture with speech

10.4 design for diversity
	10% of people have issues (disability)
	Visual
		Read aloud
	Hearing
		Captions
	Physical impairment
		Speech input and output
		Eye gaze
		Mouse attached to head
		Predictive typing
	Speech impairment
	Dyslexia
		Speech processing helps
	Autism spectrum
		Social (relating)
		Communication (understanding)
		Imagination (rigidity)
Age groups
	Older
		Less familiar with current tech
		Disabilities
	Children
		Different preferences
		Less keyboard familiarity
Cultural differences
	Languages
		Translation of phrases
		Left to right, top to bottom is not universal
		Multiple columns
		Symbols mean differently in different cultures
		Gestures (India shaking head is different than in US)
		Rude gestures vary
		Colors are not universal